Eyetracking measures revealed that participants disengaged from monitoring the center display as the experiment progressed, which could be a further indication of a lowering of distrust in the system. The number of interventions and the distances from the parking anchoring point (a trashcan) were used to create a new measure of distrust in autonomy. However, the intervention rate quickly leveled off, and differences between conditions disappeared.
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Results showed a significantly higher initial driver intervention rate when the participants were only told how to employ the autoparking feature, than when shown.
Participants were either told or shown how the autoparking feature worked. Knowledge resulting from this research could help develop cost-effective familiarization tours for highly automated vehicles in dealerships and car rental centers.īecause one of the largest influences on trust in automation is the familiarity with the system, we sought to examine the effects of familiarity on driver interventions while using the autoparking feature of a Tesla Model X.
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After three times of exposure to transition requests, trust and transition performance of all groups converged to those of the high-fidelity VR group, demonstrating that: a) experiencing automation failures during the training may reduce costs associated with first failures in highly automated driving b) the VR tour with high level of interaction fidelity is superior to other types of familiarization tour and c) uneducated and less-educated drivers learn about automation by experiencing it. Takeover quality only improved when practice was presented in high-fidelity VR. The results revealed the positive impact of familiarization tours on trust, takeover, and handback performance at the first time of measurement. In the present study, a driving simulator experiment compared the effectiveness of four familiarization groups-control, video, low-fidelity virtual reality (VR), and high-fidelity VR-on automation trust and driving performance in several critical and non-critical transition tasks. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of familiarization tours on highly automated driving. Research in aviation and driving has highlighted the importance of training as an effective approach to reduce the costs associated with the supervisory role of the human in automated systems.
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